Lord of the Flies: The end of innocence Essay

Lord of the Flies. ‘The end of innocence and the darkness of man’s heart.’ Do you agree that these are the central concerns of Golding’s novel? Please justify your answer making close reference to the text. In his novel, Lord of the Flies, Golding raises the issue of ‘the end of innocence and the darkness of man’s heart’ in his portrayal of certain characters. However, he contrasts such characters with those who possess the human spirit, that is, a humanity and decency that can survive the most extreme circumstances. By contrasting characters of Jack and Ralph, Golding raises the theme of good versus evil, loss of innocence, the struggle for power and his central concern seems to be that there is a thin veneer between civilised man and the savage. Though Ralph turns out to be a good leader because of his moral principles, initially the boys choose him over Jack because of his appearance: â€Å"you could see now that he could have made a boxer†. However, as leader, Ralph is faced with adult problems which force him to lose his innocence and develop as a character. For example, Ralph reveals Piggy’s name to the others after Piggy had asked him not to, but he experiences empathy towards him: â€Å"Ralph, looking with more understanding at Piggy, saw that he was hurt and crushed. This causes him to mature and treat Piggy with more respect. Ralph attempts to maintain order among the boys by constructing a set of rules. For example, the fact that one must be holding the conch to speak. The conch represents a sense of order and democracy among the boys and Golding describes it as ‘precious’ and ‘valuable’ yet ‘fragile’. The fact that the rules get ignored gives a sense that Ralph is losing power and the boys are gradually deteriorating into savages. The idea of the loss of order is reinforced by Golding when Ralph notices that the conch is â€Å"losing its shine.† By the end of the novel, Ralph is the only one not to degenerate into a savage and retains his dignity. This is demonstrated when Samneric wanted to wear paint but Ralph refused to wear it: â€Å"we won’t wear paint because we’re not savages.† His fight for good against evil leads him into a situation quite beyond him because the standards he represents are crushed in a world run by Jack’s kind of rules. Jack epitomizes the corrupt dictator in society. From the very beginning he is illustrated as a sinister character through Golding’s use of diction such as ‘dark’, ‘shadow’ and ‘evil’. He also shows malice towards Piggy, shutting him up when he’s got the conch: â€Å"Shut up’ fatty!† this shows his disregard of the rules which pushes him to savagery. On the expedition around the island he found a piglet. Jack was on the point of killing it when he realized the â€Å"enormity the downward stroke would be† and let it get away, but afterwards he said, â€Å"Next time there would be no mercy† which is a turning point for Jack as he is now prepared to kill. The image of the pig can be linked to the character, Piggy, and Jack’s determination to kill the pig foreshadows his murder of Piggy. This is ironic since Jack was introduced as a choirboy and it reveals that we are all capable of evil. Unlike Ralph, Jack degenerates as a character, becoming an â€Å"ape-like† savage with a lust for killing. He attempts to assert his power and abolish the order when he tries to eliminate the need for the conch: â€Å"We don’t need the conch anymore.† After he becomes chief, he abuses his power. For instance, he makes his seat into a ‘throne’ and he takes Piggy’s glasses by force: â€Å"You came around like a thief and stole Piggy’s glasses.† He also managed to corrupt the others through his use of paint: â€Å"the mask compelled them† and the reward of meat. Golding’s central concern seems to be that there is a thin veneer between civilised man and the savage. He shows us that â€Å"the end of innocence and the darkness of man’s heart† is not applicable to everyone in the novel, for example, Ralph, Piggy and Simon are good characters, who possess the human spirit, in that their humanity and decency survive under the most extreme conditions. By contrasting characters, such as Ralph and Jack, Golding raises themes of good versus evil, loss of innocence and the struggle for power.

Harmony and Dream

David Brooks essays his role as the NY Times premiere conservative columnist in a very unique way: he disregards conservatism. Now, regardless of where one’s opinions may rest when it comes to political ideologies, neither a liberal, moderate, or conservative would recognize Brooks’ writings as being conservative in any form. Actually, most of his writing is often self-centered and incoherent. This is most evident in the extremely obtuse article â€Å"Harmony and the Dream† which supposedly promotes the qualities of modern China and urges the United States to follow in its footsteps.The reason the word â€Å"supposedly† is used here is because Brooks’ writings display a complete lack of understanding of both modern China and its history. Actually, it also displays a fundamental understanding of what makes America’s infrastructure work. Consider the following excerpt, â€Å"If you ask a Chinese person to describe a fish tank, the Chinese will usually describe the context in which the fish swim. † What type of silliness is this assessment? Ask a Chinese person? Does this mean every single person who lives in China will share the same opinion?Such an assessment infers that â€Å"China† consists of a homogenous entity of like minded people. This is an absurd notion and indicative of a fundamental lack of understanding of Chinese history and culture. The notion of collective thought may be â€Å"line† of the rulers of the Chinese Communist Party, but it is not the philosophy that the totality of China’s population prescribes. Also, Brooks infers that the collectivism of communist China somehow has a noble trait to it. It would seem Brooks points out that collectivism leads to some eternal group salvation.He even faults the common American tradition of liberty. This is evidenced in his statement â€Å"The individualistic countries tend to put rights and privacy first. People in these societies ten d to overvalue their own skills and overestimate their own importance to any group effort. † Such a statement ignores the fact that Chinese communist rule is little more than totalitarianism by committee. Really, China embodies many of the qualities of a police state. Even by collectivist standards, China is extreme.In fact, if you were to examine other nations that promote strong centralized government control you will not see the repression found in China. Venezuela, for example, prescribes to Marxist ideologies but it does not use the state to sponsor murdering prisoners to sell their organs on the world market. China’s government has engaged in this type of activity – and other insane human rights violations – for years. To hint that the United States (or any nation) should look to China as an example of how to model their society is absurd.Yes, China possesses an exploding economy many nation envy. But, how did China arrive at such an expanded economy ? Largely though paying laborers extremely low wages with no worker protections. This is certainly not the type of society to emulate even though Brooks suggests as much. The main problem with Brooks is assertion is that he does not examine the flaws present in China’s infrastructure. For example, he praises China’s economy but fails to mention the extreme pollution caused by China’s industry.The pollution poured in the air by many factories is so voluminous that it surely will have a serious, negative effect on the population’s health. This brings about an important question: what is the value of a booming economy if it ultimately reduces the quality of people’s lives. This is one of the many questions Brooks does not address. This (among other reasons) is why â€Å"Harmony and the Dream† remains an incredibly flawed article. Bibliography Brooks, D. (2008, August 11) â€Å"Harmony and the Dream. † NY TIMES. 11 August 2008. Retrieved September 23, 2008 from http://www. nytimes. com/2008/08/12/opinion/ 12brooks. html

The Impact of Inflation on Capital Budgeting and Working Capital

A major impact on both financial theory and the practice of financial decision making has been the economic instability, especially in prices, evidenced in the U. S. economy since the mid 1960’s. Inflation in the past few years has not been a major macro economic problem, but its spectere, as demonstrated by the Fed’s recent increases in interest rates, is never for the agendas of financial decision makers. Macro economic instability has necessitated that expectations about the future rate of inflation be taken into consideration in making decision(s) about which capital projects will be undertaken by a firm. Nominal cash flows determine its degree of profitability. However, in making the capital budgeting decision both real and nominal concepts must be considered. The purpose of this paper is to continue the discussion of the role of inflation in capital budgeting, and to focus on the individual components of the process to draw specific conclusions with respect to the interaction between the cost of capital, inflation, and the cash flow variables within a DCF – IRR framework. Much research has been published examining the impact of inflation on the capital budgeting decision making process, and, although inflation is not currently a serious problem, bitter lessons from the 1975-1985 period of rapid price increases, coupled with the potential of future inflation, argue for continued research in this field. In a famous article, Rappaport and Taggart [14] examined various methods for incorporating the effect of inflation into capital budgeting. They provided an analysis which showed the differential impact of using a gross profit per unit approach, a nominal cash flow approach (where individual forecasts are incorporated into each component of cash flow) and a real cash flow approach in which a general price deflator is used to deflate nominal cash flows. In another early article dealing with the subject, Van Horne [16] showed that to be consistent, inflation in forecasting cash flows must also be reflected in a discount rate containing inflation; that is, a bias was introduced if nominal cash flows were discounted at the real and not nominal cost of capital. Cooley, Roenfeldt and Chew revealed the mechanics by which inflation adjustments can be incorporated into the capital budgeting process [6]. At the same time, Nelson [12] demonstrated the theoretical impact of inflation on capital budgeting and showed how inflation would shift the entire NPV schedule of a capital budget downward for a set or projects. Bailey and Jensen [1] have analyzed how price level adjustments affect the process in detail and specifically how various price level adjustments might change the ranking of projects. Rappaport and Taggart attempt to combine the simplicity of a gross profit per unit methodology of adjusting for inflation with the more realistic nominal case flow and real cash flow approaches. A gross profit per unit focus on Revenues – Cost of Sales divided by units, and can treat inflation by simply inflating this gross profit per unit as opposed to measuring inflation for both revenues and cost of sales. This is done by making the simplifying assumption that gross margin as a percent of sales is constant over time, [14, p. 2] which they point out is the same as assuming that EBIT is a constant percentage of sales over time, or that revenues and costs increase at the same rate. In this paper we examine a number of issues raised by Rappaport and Taggart in the area of inflation and capital spending. Specifically, we will analyze the following areas: 1. What is the relationship between the cost of capital and inflation? 2. What is the relationship between inflation in the ag gregate and the price a firm places on its specific product that results from a capital budgeting decision? Assuming costs rise at the aggregate or average rate of inflation, what can we say about expectations of the price of output of the firm? 3. What role do depreciable and non-depreciable assets play in the interaction of the variables? How does the presence of plant and equipment as a depreciable asset and the presence of net working capital as a nondepreciable asset impact on the role of inflation in the capital budgeting process?

Shifting the Social Balance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Shifting the Social Balance - Essay Example This shift represents a major step in the development of civilization because it focuses on hard evidence, observable fact, and verifiable conclusions. Science opened up the possibility of questioning long-held beliefs and examining them for truth while the Enlightenment made it possible to hold these debates in public, even refuting concepts that proved inaccurate. Revolutionary tools and ideas illustrate how the Scientific Revolution influenced society while the Enlightenment firmly established science and reason as the only logical standard on which to base worldly human thought. Copernicus, somewhat by accident, touched off the Scientific Revolution in the early 16th century when he wrote to Pope Paul III for support in his recent astrological findings. Using solid math, appropriate research and direct observation, Copernicus concluded that the Earth revolved around the sun rather than, as the Church would have people believe, the Sun revolving around the Earth (Copernicus 1543 c ited in Levick, 2004: 524). His evidence was meticulously outlined and his conclusions were sound, but his ideas were introduced to a mostly unreceptive public who still preferred to believe they were central to God's creation. Galileo, introducing some of these same ideas, would gain greater exposure for the idea thanks to the recent invention of the telescope. This made it possible for other people to go and observe with their own eyes the rotations both Galileo and Copernicus had outlined - helped a bit with Galileo's high-class 'star-gazing' parties (Kaku, 2008). Through a simple telescope such as those used by Galileo and his friends, it is possible to see the craters of the moon and the orbits of some of the moons of Jupiter. These observations, combined with sound mathematic principles, made it possible for Galileo, and Copernicus, to prove reality. â€Å"All reasonings about mechanics have their foundations in geometry, in which I do not see that largeness and smallness mak e large circles †¦ subject to properties different from those of small ones† (Levick, 2004: 322).

Changes in American Government of the 20th Century Literature review

Changes in American Government of the 20th Century - Literature review Example As a result of his determination, Collier soon gained the respect and admiration of Roosevelt and Ickes. While making changes in their government policies, (Olson 1986, 108) both men were open to the incorporation and implementation of new and unconventional ideas of possible reform. Because of their steadfast faith in him, Collier was given permission to change or modify government policies during the Depression. Collier initiated the Indian New Deal, which was a revolutionary approach to the reformation of Native American Indians. As a staunch believer in cultural pluralism, he understood the importance of ethnic values and community solidarity. Such principles led Collier to adopt an acculturated approach in assimilating the Native Americans into the mainstream of society. Olson clearly describes the manner in which Collier attacked the Indian problem and his success in assimilating the Native Americans into the dominant society. In this enlightening book, he reveals how, even tho ugh greeted with a multitude of opposition from American critics, Collier firmly believed in his goals and sought to fulfill them at any cost. As the prior allotment program was a major social and economic disaster, he then set out to reconstitute the tribes and enhance their traditional land base. Not satisfied to deal solely with reform work, Collier went a step further and convinced President Roosevelt to abolish the Board of Indian Commissioners on the basis that it was a huge obstacle in the wake of reform. (Olson 2006, 109) Collier, wanting the Native Americans to play a more active role in their decision making, provided them with specialized training for the management of their land and natural resources. He also insisted that the United States Federal Government should not, in the name of assimilation, suppress the culture and tradition of the Native Americans but should foster the preservation of their distinctive nativity.

Global Healthcare Exchange Case Study Assignment

Global Healthcare Exchange Case Study - Assignment Example Secondly, the founders made it clear that their aim was not the registration of an Initial Public Offering (IPO). They had a commitment to increase â€Å"customer value†, which was about the improvement of services to customers, and not â€Å"market value†, which would have been about increasing profits for investors. On one hand, GHX founding companies are all buyers or sellers in the medical supplies industry. Therefore, to this extent, the figure is true. However, on the other hand, GHz is a separate entity with its own management, vision, and direction. This makes it a third party since it considers the collective interests of all the players in the medical supplies industry. GHX software capabilities for the primary benefit of suppliers before the merger with Medibuy included the GHX AllSourceâ„ ¢ Catalog. Suppliers maintained their catalogs, which in turn formed the database that buyers queried. Software for the benefit of the buyers included GHX Connectâ„ ¢ that allowed buyers to utilize their existing ERP systems to connect to GMX’s exchange platform. The GHX Advantageâ„ ¢ let buyers use an intermediary platform hosted by a GMX partner to access the exchange platform (Applegate 23). GMX developed an ERP, the GHX Axiomâ„ ¢, used by buyers with no ERP (Applegate 23). The software discussed above-handled connectivity. On the value-added services, there was the Report Source, which provided buyers with real-time information about their transaction on the Exchange platform. The second one was the GHX Content Intelligenceâ„ ¢ that identified any errors in the transaction process such as discrepancies in catalogs and alerted the parties involved (Applegate 23).

Managing Homeland Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Managing Homeland Security - Essay Example I will be working with the city planners and commission to evaluate the existing zoning laws and building codes. We will work with the local and state law enforcement agencies to analyze any potential for man made threats. As risks are encountered, I will work with the appropriate agency or department to resolve any budgetary concerns that are needed to take corrective action. As we work to reduce the risk and minimize the impact, we will also be preparing for a disaster should one strike. We will work with FEMA to draw up an appropriate response plan, and coordinate getting key people the necessary training that they may require. We will also develop a communications system and contact list so that we will be prepared to communicate with the appropriate local, state, or federal agencies and people as needed. We will be appointing numerous emergency planners in the major institutions and organizations in the community that we can coordinate our activity with in the event of an emergency. This will include the public utilities, hospitals, highway department, and public transportation. We will also work with local, state, and federal officials to assure that the city has the necessary resources needed during a disaster. This includes hospital supplies, fuel, and critical survival materials. In the event of an emergency or disaster, our department will coordinate the appropriate level of response. We will be responsible for contacting and monitoring the wide variety of agencies that may be needed. This will vary depending on the type of disaster, but may include fire and rescue, medical personnel, geologists, or the weather bureau. We will have a public information officer that will act as an information liaison between these agencies and the public in an effort to keep the people well informed. The disaster may be able to be handled locally, or may involve FEMA or specialized hazardous materials personnel. We will work with the public utilities to resolve issues with the gas and electric supply. We will also work with public transportation and the highway patrol in the event that an evacuation is needed. As the damage is assessed after the emergency, this department will begin to work to restore the city and its infrastructure. We will work with state and federal agencies in regards to funding and the availability of material resources. Some things may be able to be restored immediately, such as utilities, but other projects may be longer term, and managed by state or federal agencies. Temporary housing may be needed, as well as day-to-day supplies to maintain our daily life. While this department does not directly perform these functions, we assure the correct agency is responding appropriately. 2.) One of my first acts as the Emergency Management Coordinator would be to form an Emergency Planning Committee by selecting some key members from the police department, fire department, and the hospitals, as well as other agencies and organizations. I would then work with the committee to draw up an emergency response plan that outlined the roles of the various agencies in the event of an emergency. One of our first duties would be to create a contact list and a communications plan. I would

Developing a Teaching Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Developing a Teaching Plan - Assignment Example [3] The obvious outcome expected are the following: Information is supplied {b} Doubts are clarified {c} Questions are answered {d} Need is highlighted {e} Motivate the reader {f} Action is advocated {g} Decision is aided {h} Prompt action is encouraged. {c} If the student is not immunized then the Booklet must be provided and the student should be told to read and come back to the college office again when a more detailed information could be gathered. [5] The methods of instruction to be used can be varied and it becomes subject to the budget allocation for such an ongoing program. The following can be considered: {a} Print material in booklet form in text and graphics, the size that fits into a purse or pocket. {b} An audio-visual, in the form of a VCD. {c} Fliers & Mind Joggers & Posters & Banners in the college campus. {d} Inserts in the college prospectus. {e} Class room sessions. Disease Invasive meningococcal disease occurs in three common clinical forms: meningitis (49% of cases), blood infection (33%) and pneumonia (9%); other forms account for the remainder (9%) of the cases. Onset can be abrupt and course of disease rapid. Epidemiology # Annually, 1,400-2,800 cases of invasive meningococcal disease occur in the US. 20% of cases occurs among adolescents and young adults ages 14-24. 16% of cases occurs among infants under 1 year of age. ... [5] The methods of instruction to be used can be varied and it becomes subject to the budget allocation for such an ongoing program. The following can be considered: {a} Print material in booklet form in text and graphics, the size that fits into a purse or pocket. {b} An audio-visual, in the form of a VCD. {c} Fliers & Mind Joggers & Posters & Banners in the college campus. {d} Inserts in the college prospectus. {e} Class room sessions. [6] The content will have to be very carefully designed and it has to be sensitive to the student group it continually addresses. True and correct information Teaching Plan 3 should be passed on about Meningococcal Diseases and Meningococcal Vaccines. The following brief format is excellent { to develop it please go to its website3}: Overview This document seeks to familiarize vaccination providers, partners, and the public with the epidemiology and clinical features of meningococcal disease Disease Invasive meningococcal disease occurs in three common clinical forms: meningitis (49% of cases), blood infection (33%) and pneumonia (9%); other forms account for the remainder (9%) of the cases. Onset can be abrupt and course of disease rapid. Epidemiology # Annually, 1,400-2,800 cases of invasive meningococcal disease occur in the US. 20% of cases occurs among adolescents and young adults ages 14-24. 16% of cases occurs among infants under 1 year of age. # College freshmen living in dormitories are at higher risk than general population of similar age. Causative Bacteria Meningococci are carried only by humans in the nasopharynx-their only reservoir. Overall 5%-10% of the population carries the bacteria. Adolescents and young adults have the highest carriage rates. The Vaccines Here detailed information has to be provided

International Competitiveness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

International Competitiveness - Essay Example The richest countries will become even richer, and the poorest countries will become much poorer. The only solution is fair trade that takes into account cooperation and competition at the same time. The rich countries should cooperate with the poor countries so they can adapt themselves to an ethical globalisation process not only in the economic sense but also in all the dimensions of global integration. Globalisation is here to stay. The worldwide integration is possible thanks to the technological and scientific advances of human kind. Anup Shah makes the following assertion about the current state of globalisation: "The world is becoming more globalized, there is no doubt about that. While that sounds promising, the current form of globalization, neoliberalism, free trade and open markets are coming under much criticism. The interests of powerful nations and corporations are shaping the terms of world trade." (Shah, 2007). In this global scenario, developing countries should be protected against the greedy interests of the developed countries. Shah states the following remarks that should be taken into account by all interested parties: "Margaret Thatcher's slogan of "there is no alternative" rings sharply. ... Global Policy Forum (2007) recognises that the theory behind global economic integration sounds good for everybody, but at the same time everybody should be aware of its shortcomings: "Capitalist economic theory holds that a completely liberalized global market is the most efficient way to foster growth, because each country specializes in producing the goods and services in which it has a comparative advantage. Yet, in practice, cutting trade barriers and opening markets do not necessarily generate development. Rich countries and large corporations dominate the global marketplace and create very unequal relations of power and information. As a result, trade is inherently unequal and poor countries seldom experience rising well-being but increasing unemployment, poverty, and income inequality." (Global Policiy Forum, 2007). S. Matt (2005) points out 8 different positions in relation to the trade debate as follows: "Position 1. The neo-classical story: free trade on the basis of comparative advantage. () Position 2. Free trade but a. Strategic traders & Competitive advantage (). b. Yes to free trade, no to free financial markets. () Position 3. Anti-Free-Trade - traditional arguments. () Position 4. Fair Trade. () Position 5. Yes to trade - no to free trade; Exogenous development; Reform the WTO. () Position 6. Abolish the WTO; Endogenous development. () Position 7. Abolish the WTO; abolish capitalism. () Position 8. Localism - no to trade in general. ()" (Matt, 2005). Positions 4 and 5 should be taken into consideration with great emphasis as they represent solid positions that can help in the economic and human

British TV soap operas Essay Example for Free

British TV soap operas Essay How would you account for the continuing fascination that British TV soap operas have for such a large and diverse audience? (30 mks) Soap opera is the most popular form of television programming in the world, being the most popular genre in Britain for 35 years, since the very first episode of Coronation Street was screened in 1960. The phenomenon evolved from the radio soap operas of the 1930s and 40s, emerging initially in the United States, and attracting a large following of predominantly female listeners. The name soap opera is so called because of the soap commercials that accompanied the episodes originally on American commercial radio by companies such as Proctor and Gambol. Soap operas differ from other TV genres in that they carry on showing up to 5 episodes a week, in comparison to super soaps which come in series these include programmes such as Casualty, Londons burning and footballers wives. Coronation Street was the first majorly popular soap opera in Britain. Tracking the lives of the people living on a street in central Manchester. Many more came over the years with the BBC trying to challenge ITVs dominating grip on the audience with attempts such as Compact (1962-65) and United set in a football team. Finally in 1975 Eastenders appeared tracking the lives of people living in a square in a fictitious suburb of London called Walford. Eastenders challenged Coronation Street and the two have gone head to head over the years for the Crown of Top soap. In 1982 Channel 4 a new channel tried their hand at the soap game with Brookside, set in a housing estate in Liverpool with the only communal point being the post box. Brookside never challenged Coronation Street or Eastenders for the soap crown but got close, due to its radical and inventive story lines such as Lesbianism, murder and teenage drug abuse, which none of the other soaps had dare tackled. Many more came and fell probably the biggest known flop being Eldorado only lasting between 1992 and 93. More are bound to come and go, but why do TV companies strive so hard to have a percentage of the soap market? Soap Operas are basically addictive, people get a buzz out of them. The way they are written and filmed makes the viewer feel like they are part of the story, it is a type of escapism for many. Looking in on other peoples lives gives the viewer a sense of voyeuristic pleasure, some people build emotional links with the characters. E. g. the death of Jamie in Eastenders on Christmas day had some people in tears, the characters are made to be so that people can relate to them like they know them. In all truth every character in the soap probably has similar traits to various people known by the viewer. Such as Phil Mitchell in Eastenders everyone knows someone who is a bit of a rouge slightly evil, even if not on personal terms. The reason people like the characters are because of the love hate relationship the viewer builds up inside of them. Ian Beale again from Eastenders is a perfect example when things are not going his way you feel slightly sorry for him but when he is successful he rubs it in everyones nose and seems like an annoying character. Some people can hold to high an opinion of the characters and even confuse reality with the soap world. E. g. Release Deirdre from prison actually campaigned by the sun newspaper. There have been reports of people hitting soap actors for the dirty deeds their characters had done. The world created in the soaps is very different to the real world, I believe this adds to their popularity even more. There always seems to be constant bad feelings which ever story line the soap is following, be it adultery, paedophilia, death or even marriage, doom and gloom is never far away. The fact that these events occur is not unrealistic as they happen every day to people all over the world, but it is the concentration of these bad feelings, in such a small area. The soaps always try and take on real life relevant social issues, and the audience feed off of it. I believe that humans enjoy seeing others fail and how they cope with it. The main draw to these soaps I believe is the sense of community, over many years the feeling of community within the areas that people live has been lost with crime on the rise and more reason to stay in, with multi-channel TV. It is ironic then, that TV programmes that hold such a sense of community in their main conventions such as soaps, are the things that distance people from their neighbours. People who watch soaps probably know more about who lives at number 5 on Coronation Street than who lives at number 5 on their road. The audience of soaps differs extremely even though the characters are nearly all working class, with some exceptions, the audience spreads across all classes, ages and sex. Although sometimes soaps are frowned upon as being a lesser genre, and low culture. Even though some may think soaps have no cultural relevance, they are still the most popular type of programming available, and probably the most culturally relevant in terms of the issues they tackle, they are also the flagship programmes for BBC and ITV at the very least. With 100s of channels and TV figures declining, soaps audiences continue to grow showing that soaps are around to stay. Theo Leeds.

Enthalpy of Displacement

Enthalpy of Displacement Saran Singh Sound Aim: To determine the enthalpy change of displacement between zinc powder and copper sulphate Zn (s) + CuSO4 (aq) Cu (s) + ZnSO4 (aq) Chemicals – CuSO ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­4 Solution ( concentration = 0.5 mol.dm3 ) Zinc (s) Powder Data Collection – Table 1: List of apparatus and Least Count and Uncertainties of Measuring Instruments Used S. No. Instrument Unit Least Count Uncertainty 1. Butter Paper n/a n/a n/a 2. Cardboard Lid n/a n/a n/a 3. Digital Laboratory Thermometer Celsius 0.1  ºC  ±0.1  ºC 4. Digital Weighing Balance Grams 0.001g  ±0.001g 5. Measuring Cylinder cm3 1cm3  ±0.5cm3 6. Polystyrene Cup n/a n/a n/a 7. Digital Stopwatch Seconds 0.01s  ±0.01s Qualitative Data Time Temperature Table 2.1: Mass of Zinc Powder Mass of Zinc (s) /M/g/ ±0.001g Trial 1 0.244g Trial 2 2.523g Trial 3 2.416g Table 2.2 : Collected Data Time/t/s/ ±0.01s Temperature/T/ °c/ ±0.1 °c Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 30.00 28.4 28.6 60.00 28.4 28.6 90.00 28.4 28.6 120.00 28.4 28.6 150.00 29.1 33.0 180.00 31.2 38.4 210.00 32.9 41.9 240.00 35.0 44.8 270.00 37.5 46.3 300.00 40.0 47.2 330.00 41.6 47.4 360.00 42.5 47.1 390.00 42.5 46.6 420.00 42.3 45.9 450.00 42.1 45.4 480.00 41.6 45.0 510.00 41.0 44.4 540.00 40.5 43.4 570.00 40.0 42.8 600.00 39.4 41.9 630.00 38.7 41.0 660.00 38.0 40.6 690.00 37.4 39.8 720.00 36.6 39.2 750.00 36.0 38.4 780.00 35.5 37.6 810.00 34.7 36.8 840.00 34.0 36.0 870.00 33.2 35.6 900.00 32.6 34.6 930.00 33.7 960.00 32.9 990.00 32.1 Qualitative Observation: It was observed that when Zinc (s) powder was added to the CuSO4 ­ solution it immediately reacted making the solution warmer .The color of the solution at the beginning was greenish in color which then turned colorless after the Zinc (s) powder had reacted. After the reaction was over, it was observed that Copper had precipitated at the bottom of the cup as a result of it being displaced by Zinc (s) powder. Formulas: Mass = No. of Moles (aq) x Molar Mass (s) And No. of Moles = Concentration x Volume And à ¢- ²H = Extrapolation Temperature Initial Temperature And Enthalpy Change = Mass x Specific Heat Capacity x à ¢- ²H And Molar Enthalpy Change = And Mass of water = volume of copper sulphate solution And Percentage Deviation = x100 Trial 1: Volume of CuSO4 (aq) 60.0cm3 Mass of Water 60g Specific Heat Capacity 4.18 J.g‑1. ºC-1 Initial Temperature 28.4  ºC Extrapolation temperature 53.0  ºC Time at which Zinc (s) powder was added 120s The graph is used to estimate the change in temperature of the displacement reaction between CuSO4 solution and Zinc (s) powder. The gradient of the best fit line shows the rate of decrease of temperature. Calculation:- No. of Moles of 60.0cm3 CuSO4 (aq) = (60/1000) x 0.5 = 0.03 mol ... Mass of Zinc (s) powder = 0.03 x 65 = 1.961g However for this experiment, mass of zinc had to be taken in excess. Therefore, Mass of Zinc is greater than actual mass required as seen in Table 2.1 à ¢- ²H = 28.4 – 53.0 = -24.60  ºC  ±0.01s Enthalpy Change = 60 x 4.18 x -24.6 = -6169.68 J = -6.16968 kJ Molar Enthalpy Change = = -205.7 kJ.mol-1 As this reaction is exothermic i.e heat is released, enthalpy change is negative. The literature value of Enthalpy Change for this displacement reaction is -217kJ.mol-1 Percentage Deviation = x 100 = 5.2% Deviation. Note: There were two assumptions made during this experiment. The Specific Heat Cpacity of the solution is same as water No Heat is lost to the surrounding Trial 2: Volume of CuSO4 (aq) 70.0cm3 Mass of Water 60g Specific Heat Capacity 4.18 J.g‑1. ºC-1 Initial Temperature 28.6 ºC Extrapolation temperature 57.0  ºC Time at which Zinc (s) powder was added The graph is used to estimate the change in temperature of the displacement reaction between CuSO4 solution and Zinc (s) powder. The gradient of the best fit line shows the rate of decrease of temperature. Calculation:- No. of Moles of 70.0cm3 CuSO4 (aq) = (70/1000) x 0.5 = 0.035 mol ... Mass of Zinc (s) powder = 0.035 x 65 = 2.275g However for this experiment, mass of zinc had to be taken in excess. Therefore, Mass of Zinc is greater than actual mass required as seen in Table 2.1 à ¢- ²H = 28.6 – 57.0 = -28.40  ºC  ±0.01s Enthalpy Change = 70 x 4.18 x -28.40 = -8309.84 J = -8.30984 kJ Molar Enthalpy Change = = -207.7 kJ.mol-1 As this reaction is exothermic i.e heat is released, enthalpy change is negative. The literature value of Enthalpy Change for this displacement reaction is -217kJ.mol-1 Percentage Deviation = x 100 = 4.3% Deviation. Note: There were two assumptions made during this experiment. The Specific Heat Cpacity of the solution is same as water No Heat is lost to the surrounding Trial 3: Volume of CuSO4 (aq) 70.0cm3 Mass of Water 60g Specific Heat Capacity 4.18 J.g‑1. ºC-1 Initial Temperature 28.6 ºC Extrapolation temperature 57.0  ºC Time at which Zinc (s) powder was added 120s The graph is used to estimate the change in temperature of the displacement reaction between CuSO4 solution and Zinc (s) powder. The gradient of the best fit line shows the rate of decrease of temperature. Calculation:- No. of Moles of 70.0cm3 CuSO4 (aq) = (70/1000) x 0.5 = 0.035 mol ... Mass of Zinc (s) powder = 0.035 x 65 = 2.275g However for this experiment, mass of zinc had to be taken in excess. Therefore, Mass of Zinc is greater than actual mass required as seen in Table 2.1 à ¢- ²H = 28.6 – 57.0 = -28.40  ºC  ±0.01s Enthalpy Change = 70 x 4.18 x -28.40 = -8309.84 J = -8.30984 kJ Molar Enthalpy Change = = -207.7 kJ.mol-1 As this reaction is exothermic i.e heat is released, enthalpy change is negative. The literature value of Enthalpy Change for this displacement reaction is -217kJ.mol-1 Percentage Deviation = x 100 = 4.3% Deviation. Note: There were two assumptions made during this experiment. The Specific Heat Cpacity of the solution is same as water No Heat is lost to the surrounding Conclusion: The displacement reaction between Zinc (s) powder and CuSO4 solution is exothermic as heat is released to its immiediate surroundings. This is supported by the calculations of all the three trials. The Zinc (s) is in powder form which reacts faster with CuSO4 solution as it has a larger surface area. By observing the graph it is found that after reaching the peak temperature, the new solutions temperature starts to decrease which means that its is loosing heat to its surrounding. The line of best fit on the graph shows the temperature change in an ideal situation. However, in reality heat is lost to the surroundings and the specific heat capacity of the solution may not be the same as water. This reaction between Zinc (s) powder and CuSO4 ­ takes place becaude Zinc (S) powder is more reactive thancopper in CuSO4 solution. Therefore, causing copper to precipitate. It is also possible that the concentration of the Cuso4 solution was lower , causing less energy to be released then expected. The temperature change increases as volume of CuSO4 is increased as more Zinc (s) powder is required to react therefore releasing more energy. This is suggested by the calculations for Trial 1, Trial2 and Trial 3. The percentage deviation of the experimental readings to the literature value is not that high suggesting few errors in the experiment. However, we attributed them to certain and possible errors.